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We selected GPT-4.1 mini based on its balance between performance and cost-effectiveness for experimental use, as noted in the OpenAI release announcement (OpenAI

Jang, W., Lu, S., Xu, X., Wu, G

Dose 2 g/day is more effective for decreasing insulin level, but we did not find a significant non-linear relationship between the duration of the intervention (weeks) (coefficients = 0.74, p = 0.177) and changes in insulin (Figures 4B, 5B)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a key growth factor that increases protein synthesis via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway (Yoshida and Delafontaine, 2020)

however, its clinical application remains limited due to the low concentration of metabolites relative to water, necessitating high-field magnets, long acquisition times, and specialized expertise in spectral analysis