copd is always caused by cigarette smoking (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) a long-term lung condition that makes it harder to breathe over time. Common symptoms can include shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, and fatigue—especially during everyday COPD | What is Chronic

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3,4,29 This belief stems largely from the fact that EC devices produce an aerosol that delivers inhalable nicotine without generating carbon monoxide and other harmful toxicants that are widely known to cause serious adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular problems

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Of these, the longitudinal and cross-sectional studies did not find any sex-based differences in risk of any cancer 16,17,21,24

Number of cigarettes and number of drinks served as time-varying Level 1 variables