l carnitine tmao koeth 2013 nature medicine γ–Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to Comparison of short-term and long-term

Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications JCI l Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Unraveling the Formation Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N Oxide and Its Inhibition by Food Ingredients: Toward Cardioprotective Food Development Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry TMAO metaorganismal pathway and chronic inflammatory diseases

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